There will come a time in the course of a do-it-yourself plumbing project when you will need to connect copper water supply lines. Instead of calling a plumber to do the work, maybe it’s time to stretch your plumbing skills a little bit and lean how to do it yourself. It’s really pretty easy, and with the right tools and know-how from your local independent home improvement retailer, you’ll be sweating copper in no time.

Today I’m going to show you the basic method for sweating copper pipe. We’ll discuss how to cut copper pipe, we’ll talk about copper fittings, and how to solder these components together.
So let’s get started.

Copper pipe (or tubing as it is called) is joined together using copper fittings. There are a variety of fittings designed to make turns and bends in pipe, or to branch out in various directions. These are just a few of the types of fittings that are available in ¾” and ½” sizes.

We’ll start by learning how to cut copper tubing. To cut copper tubing, you can use either a hacksaw or a copper tube cutter designed specifically for this task. Although both will make a satisfactory cut, the tube cutter ensures a square cut every time and leaves fewer burs. When using a tube cutter, hold the copper tubing in place with a vise or a clamp, being careful not to distort the copper. This tube cutter uses a screw motion to tighten the cutting wheel against the pipe as it is turned. Several rotations and the piece is cut. This cutter is designed to work in tight areas where there isn’t room to spin the larger cutter. Having both on hand is a good idea.

After making the cut, we need to remove the burrs inside the pipe. A wire brush designed for this specific purpose makes easy work of it. If you cut copper pipe with a hacksaw, you may want to use a half-round file to perform this task, as the hacksaw leaves more burrs than the tubing cutter as you can see here.

When cutting pipe for a specific run, you’ll need to make allowances for how much the fittings increase the overall length of the run. While it depends on the fitting, a general rule of thumb is to add about a half inch for each fitting to the length of pipe you cut.

After you’ve cut the copper pipe to the proper length, clean the end of the pipe with this special cleaning brush. Clean the area to be inserted in the fitting until it is bright all around. Turn the tool back and forth until the pipe is bright. You can also use sandpaper or steel wool to accomplish this task.

You must also clean the inside of all fittings. You can use the wire brush, steel wool or sandpaper. Take the time to clean them thoroughly. Debris or foreign matter left in the pipe causes a poor seal.

Next, apply a light coat of flux or soldering paste to the cleaned end of the copper pipe. Use a flux brush to spread the flux. Flux or soldering paste ensures a firm bond between the copper and the solder and will help will keep the copper from oxidizing when heated. Also apply flux to the inside of the cleaned fittings using the same technique. Place the copper fitting on the pipe only after it is thoroughly cleaned and coated with soldering paste. When the fitting is firmly in place, rotate both the pipe and the fitting several times to spread the flux evenly.

A propane torch is the tool we’ll use to sweat copper pipe. If you look at the flame of torch you will notice there is a lighter blue, well-defined flame in the middle of a darker blue flame. The tip of this light blue flame is the hottest part of the flame. Move this part of the flame along the fitting and the pipe to bring them up to soldering temperature. Then concentrate the heat in the middle of the fitting. The light blue flame should be just touching the fitting. You can do both ends of the fitting at the same time by heating in the middle like this. You can experiment with different tips on your propane torch until you find the one that spreads the heat evenly along the pipe you are using.

Do not apply the heat directly to the area that has been fluxed, and don’t overheat the copper pipe. If you look at the flame on the side of the pipe away from the torch, you may notice a green flame develop. This means the fitting is ready to solder. Another way to tell is to touch the solder to the hot pipe. If the solder melts and begins to run, the pipe is at soldering temperature.

Apply the solder to the pipe where it joins the fitting. When performed correctly, the solder will flow easily into the fitting. Keep melting the solder until it appears completely around the fitting. The old saying, “If a little is good, then a lot is better,” does not apply here. Excess solder can run down inside the pipe, causing a restriction or even a blockage. After the solder melts, wipe away the excess with a shop towel and let the fitting cool thoroughly before touching it.

Well there you have it. Now you know how to sweat copper. In the next segment we’ll teach you how to work with plastic pipe and push fittings.